Outcomes in COVID-19 nitazoxanide studies
0
0.5
1
1.5+
ALL STUDIES
MORTALITY
VENTILATION
ICU ADMISSION
HOSPITALIZATION
RECOVERY
VIRAL CLEARANCE
RCTS
RCT MORTALITY
PEER-REVIEWED
After Exclusions
ALL STUDIES
All
Early
Late
Nitazoxanide for COVID-19
C19NITAZOXANIDE.COM MAY 2022
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
ICU
2/194
0/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.52]
death
0/357
2/137
Elalfy
87%
0.13 [0.06-0.27]
viral+
7/62
44/51
CT2
Silva (SB RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.38-1.41]
viral+
23 (n)
13 (n)
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
death
1/184
0/195
ANTICOV (RCT)
-188%
2.88 [1.05-7.85]
progression
15/462
5/443
OT1 CT2
Medhat (RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.88]
viral+
77 (n)
73 (n)
Tau2 = 1.12, I2 = 80.8%, p = 0.43
Early treatment
33%
0.67 [0.25-1.78]
25/1,359
51/1,110
33% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
death
2/25
6/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Calderón
68%
0.32 [0.04-2.49]
death
1/17
5/27
OT1
Fowotade (RCT)
-11%
1.11 [0.61-2.03]
no recov.
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT2
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
death
6/202
5/203
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 7.9%, p = 0.65
Late treatment
12%
0.88 [0.52-1.50]
9/275
16/281
12% improvement
All studies
34%
0.66 [0.34-1.27]
34/1,634
67/1,391
34% improvement
11 nitazoxanide COVID-19 studies
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.73, I2 = 74.1%, p = 0.21
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
ICU
2/194
0/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.52]
death
0/357
2/137
Elalfy
87%
0.13 [0.06-0.27]
viral+
7/62
44/51
CT2
Silva (SB RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.38-1.41]
viral+
23 (n)
13 (n)
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
death
1/184
0/195
Medhat (RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.88]
viral+
77 (n)
73 (n)
Tau2 = 0.71, I2 = 72.1%, p = 0.091
Early treatment
55%
0.45 [0.18-1.14]
10/897
46/667
55% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
death
2/25
6/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Calderón
68%
0.32 [0.04-2.49]
death
1/17
5/27
OT1
Fowotade (RCT)
-11%
1.11 [0.61-2.03]
no recov.
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT2
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
death
6/202
5/203
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 7.9%, p = 0.65
Late treatment
12%
0.88 [0.52-1.50]
9/275
16/281
12% improvement
All studies
46%
0.54 [0.29-1.02]
19/1,172
62/948
46% improvement
10 nitazoxanide COVID-19 studies after exclusions
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.57, I2 = 68.8%, p = 0.059
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Cadegiani
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.52]
0/357
2/137
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
1/184
0/195
Tau2 = 2.67, I2 = 51.4%, p = 0.75
Early treatment
41%
0.59 [0.02-13.8]
1/541
2/332
41% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
2/25
6/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Calderón
68%
0.32 [0.04-2.49]
1/17
5/27
OT1
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
6/202
5/203
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.23
Late treatment
40%
0.60 [0.26-1.39]
9/244
16/255
40% improvement
All studies
41%
0.59 [0.27-1.30]
10/785
18/587
41% improvement
5 nitazoxanide COVID-19 mortality results
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.2
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Cadegiani
97%
0.03 [0.00-0.51]
0/357
9/137
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.015
Early treatment
97%
0.03 [0.00-0.51]
0/357
9/137
97% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
62%
0.38 [0.11-1.25]
3/25
8/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Calderón
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
0/17
4/27
OT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.044
Late treatment
68%
0.32 [0.11-0.97]
3/42
12/52
68% improvement
All studies
82%
0.18 [0.04-0.76]
3/399
21/189
82% improvement
3 nitazoxanide COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.50, I2 = 27.5%, p = 0.019
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
2/194
0/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.3
Early treatment
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
2/194
0/198
-404% improvement
Calderón
59%
0.41 [0.25-0.59]
0/17
16/27
OT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Rocco (DB RCT)
31%
0.69 [0.40-1.17]
20/202
30/203
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.15
Late treatment
32%
0.68 [0.40-1.15]
20/219
46/230
32% improvement
All studies
28%
0.72 [0.43-1.21]
22/413
46/428
28% improvement
3 nitazoxanide COVID-19 ICU results
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.22
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.30-3.47]
hosp.
5/194
5/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani
99%
0.01 [0.00-0.17]
hosp.
0/357
27/137
Rossignol (DB RCT)
79%
0.21 [0.02-1.80]
hosp.
1/184
5/195
Tau2 = 3.68, I2 = 78.4%, p = 0.16
Early treatment
83%
0.17 [0.01-2.00]
6/735
37/530
83% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.89]
hosp. time
25 (n)
25 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Calderón
52%
0.48 [0.29-0.82]
hosp. time
17 (n)
27 (n)
OT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.0004
Late treatment
53%
0.47 [0.31-0.71]
0/42
0/52
53% improvement
All studies
60%
0.40 [0.19-0.84]
6/777
37/582
60% improvement
5 nitazoxanide COVID-19 hospitalization results
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.34, I2 = 57.2%, p = 0.015
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
ICU
2/194
0/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.52]
death
0/357
2/137
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
death
1/184
0/195
ANTICOV (RCT)
-188%
2.88 [1.05-7.85]
progression
15/462
5/443
OT1 CT2
Tau2 = 0.54, I2 = 26.7%, p = 0.32
Early treatment
-95%
1.95 [0.53-7.22]
18/1,197
7/973
-95% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
death
2/25
6/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Calderón
68%
0.32 [0.04-2.49]
death
1/17
5/27
OT1
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
death
6/202
5/203
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.23
Late treatment
40%
0.60 [0.26-1.39]
9/244
16/255
40% improvement
All studies
3%
0.97 [0.39-2.41]
27/1,441
23/1,228
3% improvement
7 nitazoxanide COVID-19 serious outcomes
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.60, I2 = 44.1%, p = 0.95
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-16%
1.16 [0.84-1.59]
no recov.
59/194
52/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-7%
1.07 [0.46-2.49]
recov. time
184 (n)
195 (n)
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37
Early treatment
-15%
1.15 [0.85-1.54]
59/378
52/393
-15% improvement
Fowotade (RCT)
-11%
1.11 [0.61-2.03]
no recov.
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Rocco (DB RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.58-0.90]
no disch.
202 (n)
203 (n)
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 45.6%, p = 0.33
Late treatment
17%
0.83 [0.57-1.21]
0/233
0/229
17% improvement
All studies
5%
0.95 [0.70-1.28]
59/611
52/622
5% improvement
4 nitazoxanide COVID-19 recovery results
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 54.8%, p = 0.75
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.80-0.96]
viral+
194 (n)
198 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Elalfy
87%
0.13 [0.06-0.27]
viral+
7/62
44/51
CT1
Silva (SB RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.38-1.41]
viral+
23 (n)
13 (n)
Medhat (RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.88]
viral+
77 (n)
73 (n)
Tau2 = 0.58, I2 = 90.3%, p = 0.055
Early treatment
54%
0.46 [0.21-1.02]
7/356
44/335
54% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
90%
0.10 [0.01-1.78]
viral+
0/23
4/19
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Fowotade (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.34-2.64]
viral load
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT1
Tau2 = 1.31, I2 = 52.6%, p = 0.48
Late treatment
53%
0.47 [0.06-3.59]
0/54
4/45
53% improvement
All studies
52%
0.48 [0.25-0.94]
7/410
48/380
52% improvement
6 nitazoxanide COVID-19 viral clearance results
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.49, I2 = 84.9%, p = 0.032
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
ICU
2/194
0/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Silva (SB RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.38-1.41]
viral+
23 (n)
13 (n)
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
death
1/184
0/195
ANTICOV (RCT)
-188%
2.88 [1.05-7.85]
progression
15/462
5/443
OT1 CT2
Medhat (RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.88]
viral+
77 (n)
73 (n)
Tau2 = 0.50, I2 = 64.3%, p = 0.84
Early treatment
-10%
1.10 [0.47-2.59]
18/940
5/922
-10% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
death
2/25
6/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Fowotade (RCT)
-11%
1.11 [0.61-2.03]
no recov.
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT2
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
death
6/202
5/203
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 8.5%, p = 0.86
Late treatment
5%
0.95 [0.55-1.63]
8/258
11/254
5% improvement
All studies
7%
0.93 [0.56-1.55]
26/1,198
16/1,176
7% improvement
8 nitazoxanide COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.22, I2 = 48.7%, p = 0.8
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
1/184
0/195
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5
Early treatment
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
1/184
0/195
-206% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
2/25
6/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
6/202
5/203
Tau2 = 0.19, I2 = 28.2%, p = 0.46
Late treatment
35%
0.65 [0.22-1.98]
8/227
11/228
35% improvement
All studies
24%
0.76 [0.29-1.97]
9/411
11/423
24% improvement
3 nitazoxanide COVID-19 RCT mortality results
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 8.2%, p = 0.59
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
ICU
2/194
0/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.52]
death
0/357
2/137
Elalfy
87%
0.13 [0.06-0.27]
viral+
7/62
44/51
CT2
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
death
1/184
0/195
Medhat (RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.88]
viral+
77 (n)
73 (n)
Tau2 = 0.84, I2 = 67.1%, p = 0.11
Early treatment
61%
0.39 [0.13-1.23]
10/874
46/654
61% improvement
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
death
2/25
6/25
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Calderón
68%
0.32 [0.04-2.49]
death
1/17
5/27
OT1
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
death
6/202
5/203
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.23
Late treatment
40%
0.60 [0.26-1.39]
9/244
16/255
40% improvement
All studies
57%
0.43 [0.20-0.93]
19/1,118
62/909
57% improvement
8 nitazoxanide COVID-19 peer reviewed trials
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.58, I2 = 57.5%, p = 0.031
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rocco (RCT)
-404%
5.04 [0.24-104]
ICU
2/194
0/198
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Rocco (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.30-3.47]
hosp.
5/194
5/198
Rocco (RCT)
-16%
1.16 [0.84-1.59]
no recov.
59/194
52/198
Rocco (RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.80-0.96]
viral+
194 (n)
198 (n)
Rocco (RCT)
14%
0.86 [0.77-0.96]
viral+
136/194
162/198
Cadegiani
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.52]
death
0/357
2/137
Cadegiani
97%
0.03 [0.00-0.51]
ventilation
0/357
9/137
Cadegiani
99%
0.01 [0.00-0.17]
hosp.
0/357
27/137
Elalfy
87%
0.13 [0.06-0.27]
viral+
7/62
44/51
CT2
Elalfy
58%
0.42 [0.31-0.56]
viral+
26/62
51/51
CT2
Silva (SB RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.38-1.41]
viral+
23 (n)
13 (n)
Silva (SB RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.39-0.97]
viral+
12/23
11/13
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-206%
3.06 [0.13-74.6]
death
1/184
0/195
Rossignol (DB RCT)
79%
0.21 [0.02-1.80]
hosp.
1/184
5/195
Rossignol (DB RCT)
85%
0.15 [0.02-1.22]
severe case
1/184
7/195
Rossignol (DB RCT)
84%
0.16 [0.02-1.29]
severe case
1/112
7/126
Rossignol (DB RCT)
-7%
1.07 [0.46-2.49]
recov. time
184 (n)
195 (n)
ANTICOV (RCT)
-188%
2.88 [1.05-7.85]
progression
15/462
5/443
OT1 CT2
Medhat (RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.88]
viral+
77 (n)
73 (n)
Blum (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.50]
death
2/25
6/25
Blum (DB RCT)
62%
0.38 [0.11-1.25]
ventilation
3/25
8/25
Blum (DB RCT)
56%
0.44 [0.22-0.89]
hosp. time
25 (n)
25 (n)
Blum (DB RCT)
90%
0.10 [0.01-1.78]
viral+
0/23
4/19
Calderón
68%
0.32 [0.04-2.49]
death
1/17
5/27
OT1
Calderón
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
ventilation
0/17
4/27
OT1
Calderón
59%
0.41 [0.25-0.59]
ICU
0/17
16/27
OT1
Calderón
52%
0.48 [0.29-0.82]
hosp. time
17 (n)
27 (n)
OT1
Fowotade (RCT)
-11%
1.11 [0.61-2.03]
no recov.
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT2
Fowotade (RCT)
-87%
1.87 [0.88-3.98]
no recov.
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT2
Fowotade (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.34-2.64]
viral load
31 (n)
26 (n)
CT2
Rocco (DB RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.30-3.50]
death
6/202
5/203
Rocco (DB RCT)
31%
0.69 [0.40-1.17]
ICU
20/202
30/203
Rocco (DB RCT)
40%
0.60 [0.35-1.02]
oxygen
22/202
33/203
Rocco (DB RCT)
64%
0.36 [0.29-0.45]
no improv.
202 (n)
203 (n)
Rocco (DB RCT)
34%
0.66 [0.38-1.15]
no improv.
202 (n)
203 (n)
Rocco (DB RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.58-0.90]
no disch.
202 (n)
203 (n)
Rocco (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.55-1.52]
no disch.
202 (n)
203 (n)
nitazoxanide COVID-19 outcomes
c19nitazoxanide.com May 2022
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors nitazoxanide
Favors control
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are both valuable and complementary. All practical, effective, and
safe means should be used. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%
available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the
efficacy of any method increases mortality, morbidity, collateral damage, and
the risk of endemic status. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking
any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized
advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and
situation.
FLCCC and
WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.
Submit